Biggest difference (as you found) is the Pratt & Whitney TF30-P-414A engines. They are underpowered compared to the General Electrics F110-GE-400 engines of the B, and more prone to compressor stalls (the loud banging). In general, the engine response time is different, and you need to be at full AB during take off from the carrier, vs the B's mil-power at take off. The B can also mount the LANTIRN targeting pod, which I believe the A can't (or won't be able to in the future, I don't fly the A that often :-D)
That said, the TF30's have a faster top speed, but the F110's generally better in every other way.