Hey Actium, thanks for checking!
Yeah, I was missing the file dialog you just posted.
I deleted the settings.lua in my Save Games\DCS\MissionEditor folder and now its fixed. I guess it tried to open an not existing path anymore or something.
=>So, I guess when you run into these problems, reset your settings. I've no idea though, how I got there. I just realized that I used this functions two days ago with the same DCS version ...