Duckling Posted February 5, 2011 Posted February 5, 2011 (edited) Hi guys. After "sometime" of soldering nightmares, the Warning Quadrant is finally operational PCB based on Mike Powells design outlined in his latest book (thanks Mike) Dual high intence green LED in serie driven by a 12V source through an ULN2803A. Each indicator triggered by a OICard Mastercard 5V output. Should be able to drive the real thing or any likewise uptil 50V per indicator. White DILs are resistors. PCB Schematics here Indicators "faceplate" is a three layers OH film 1200 dpi color laserprintout Note that top pic was taken without a flash. The light bleed showing is much lighter then in reality but.. it shows that the glue used had resolved the toner somewhat I might redo it in the future though. Best combination I found with the LED intencity was two with green text on top and the bottom copy with "white" letters. Font used is MS 33558 truetype font created by Derek Higgs on simpits.com (my complements to the creator) Some pics of setup and cabling fuzz cheers Gus Edited February 6, 2011 by Duckling 2 - - - -
Feed Posted February 5, 2011 Posted February 5, 2011 That looks GREAT!!! Fantastic work there, Duckling.
walker450 Posted February 5, 2011 Posted February 5, 2011 Wow! Speedpad for Inputs | My Simpit | Joystick Damper Mod
Gadroc Posted February 5, 2011 Posted February 5, 2011 Wow... that's a lot of wires to solder..... *sigh* I'm not looking forward to that. End result looks good!
hog_driver111th Posted February 5, 2011 Posted February 5, 2011 Dude that is awesome! About how much does all of that cost? I would love to make something like that or buy it... I'd even buy it from you as a set and do the soldering myself. A-10C - FC3 - CA - L-39 - UH1 - P-51 - Hawk - BS2 - F-86 - Gazelle - F-5E - AV8B - F/A-18C i5-4590 - GTX 1060 - Oculus CV1 - TM:Warthog [sIGPIC]http://forums.eagle.ru/signaturepics/sigpic9979_1.gif[/sIGPIC]
Total Posted February 6, 2011 Posted February 6, 2011 Years of working as both a Research & Development Tech in the avionics field and also as a sound engineer and having my own studio and live sound sigs are the reason I doubt I will ever built a simpit. The first thing I noticed when looking at the pics was the wiring harness. I have built more wiring harnesses in my day than I care to remember. If you want me to start cussing in all languages simultaneously and speaking in demonic tongues, then make me build a wiring harness lol! Great job man! By the end of your pit, you will have a severe distaste for 22 gauge wire, 1/8" heat shrink, and anything to do with a wiring or connection diagraim LOL!
CAT_101st Posted February 6, 2011 Posted February 6, 2011 I know that fealing.. And I am still starting a second pit. :) looks good keep up the good job. I cant wait to see how it turns out. Home built PC Win 10 Pro 64bit, MB ASUS Z170 WS, 6700K, EVGA 1080Ti Hybrid, 32GB DDR4 3200, Thermaltake 120x360 RAD, Custom built A-10C sim pit, TM WARTHOG HOTAS, Cougar MFD's, 3D printed UFC and Saitek rudders. HTC VIVE VR. https://digitalcombatmercenaries.enjin.com/
Duckling Posted February 6, 2011 Author Posted February 6, 2011 (edited) Thanks guys Dude that is awesome! About how much does all of that cost? I would love to make something like that or buy it... I'd even buy it from you as a set and do the soldering myself. Sorry, not for sale :-) but template created are for free Highest cost were the baseplate and the waffle overlay (1.5 mm Alu) cut with a waterjet CNC, cost incl cut were something around 15-20$ if I remember correct). Middle section is PVC 5 mm cut bt hand, say 2$, 98 LED (8$), Electronics, connectors, cabling aprox 20$. The devider between the indicator as a rubber tube (donno the correct word here, used for seal between window frame and the glas) Diffusers are 3 mm Acryl sanded, cut and painted with black ink pen around the edges added a link to the schematics of the homemade PCB. in first post above Cheers Gus Edited February 6, 2011 by Duckling - - - -
hog_driver111th Posted February 6, 2011 Posted February 6, 2011 Gus, thanks for the description. Hopefully I can get all those parts, but I may need to pick your brain a little later on. The price looks like it wasn't too bad (under $100 for the whole thing, not including the build time). I'm pretty sure I can convince the wife for that. hehe. How are you connecting it to DCS... by SIOC and OC cards or some other way..? A-10C - FC3 - CA - L-39 - UH1 - P-51 - Hawk - BS2 - F-86 - Gazelle - F-5E - AV8B - F/A-18C i5-4590 - GTX 1060 - Oculus CV1 - TM:Warthog [sIGPIC]http://forums.eagle.ru/signaturepics/sigpic9979_1.gif[/sIGPIC]
y2kiah Posted February 7, 2011 Posted February 7, 2011 that looks really great Gus, congrats on finishing all that soldering
Succellus Posted February 9, 2011 Posted February 9, 2011 Congrat Duckling... its a damn of an effort!! And it looks awesome too. I have soldered alot too and i m not prone to restart it unless life or death issue. Can t count how many times i burned myself. HaF 922, Asus rampage extreme 3 gene, I7 950 with Noctua D14, MSI gtx 460 hawk, G skill 1600 8gb, 1.5 giga samsung HD. Track IR 5, Hall sensed Cougar, Hall sensed TM RCS TM Warthog(2283), TM MFD, Saitek pro combat rudder, Cougar MFD.
rocketeer Posted February 10, 2011 Posted February 10, 2011 This is great workmanship, Gus! As usual, thanks for always sharing your work, which has been a great inspiration to me. My A10C cockpit thread
Duckling Posted February 15, 2011 Author Posted February 15, 2011 Thanks guys. Love to read all great projects that are posted here and like to contribute where possible. I'll be back with a cry for help when it's time to connect the stuff with DCS :-) Gus - - - -
Duckling Posted March 20, 2011 Author Posted March 20, 2011 Added some measurement of real A-10A instrument panel Even if most of you goes for the C-version, overall dims and center part should by correct. Enjoy -edit: dims in Metric (mm) Cheers /Gus 4 - - - -
KLaFaille Posted March 21, 2011 Posted March 21, 2011 (edited) Awesome info! Thank you so much for taking the time to do that. Red Edited March 21, 2011 by KLaFaille
KLaFaille Posted March 21, 2011 Posted March 21, 2011 As a heads up to anyone interested, the sides on the C Model Instrument Panel now slope up at 20 degrees compared to the 26 degrees of the A model that Gus has there.
Feed Posted March 21, 2011 Posted March 21, 2011 Gus, you are the BOMB! +1 and thanks so much for sharing the info! And thanks to KLaFaille for the update on the -C.
Duckling Posted March 31, 2011 Author Posted March 31, 2011 Throttle to large to fit ? Use a saw ... took some time before I descided to try it though...:smilewink: - - - -
pitbldr Posted March 31, 2011 Posted March 31, 2011 Wow! :shocking: And I was hesitant to remove the metal panels from the sides of my WH!! Looking good!! :thumbup:
Snoopy Posted March 31, 2011 Posted March 31, 2011 Throttle to large to fit ? Use a saw ... took some time before I descided to try it though...:smilewink: Looks good but just an FYI....the real pit doesn't have an angle like you have your throttle..... v303d Fighter Group Discord | Virtual 303d Fighter Group Website
Gadroc Posted March 31, 2011 Posted March 31, 2011 Looks good but just an FYI....the real pit doesn't have an angle like you have your throttle..... Is the virtual cockpit in DCS wrong? I could have swore it had an incline on the throttle as well. I inclined mine just the same.
Deadman Posted April 1, 2011 Posted April 1, 2011 I look s like there is a slight angle here http://i13.photobucket.com/albums/a299/usmilobserver/A-10s%20Spangdahlem/01.jpg https://www.shapeways.com/shops/a-10c-warthog-supplies https://forum.dcs.world/topic/133818-deadmans-cockpit-base-plans/#comment-133824 CNCs and Laser engravers are great but they can't do squat with out a precise set of plans.
KLaFaille Posted April 1, 2011 Posted April 1, 2011 Def an incline, might not be as sharp as what you have there Gus, but you are PFC* to the real thing. *Pretty F-ckin' Close
Duckling Posted April 1, 2011 Author Posted April 1, 2011 Def an incline, might not be as sharp as what you have there Gus, but you are PFC* to the real thing. *Pretty F-ckin' Close Hehe, lets not show that statement to wify :-) I build the frame with 20 degrees verusus base for throttle and 30 for the fuel pan. I guess 10 deg for throttle and 25-30 would have been closer to the real thing. The front inst pan distance from bottom to base would be 2 cm less also then on my rig ending up with aprox 9,5 cm. As fortunate I got long arms :pilotfly:to reach the panels - - - -
Duckling Posted March 10, 2012 Author Posted March 10, 2012 Hi Guys. Been fiddling with the leftside panel including the VHFs/UHF and got em somewhat operational. http://www.strandedduckling.com/HOGBOX_VHFs_20120310_1.jpg http://www.strandedduckling.com/LeftPanel_20120310.jpg I attach a subpart of the code below. Comments very welcome. I'm far from good at this and most is made by the try-and-error method. Slowly getting the pieces together. I'm sure there are much that can be made better, LOL All freq inputs incl channel select are gray encoders to a mastercard. Remaining is also to code the displays off when the radio is off. Other opt is to include the ability to save each preset channel in a SIOC Var to have it pop up when flipping the channel switch in PRE mode (not an option in the SIM but can be added through SIOC)... VHFs works as predicted as long as I "spin" each knob one way only, then the freq move one step at a time, Turning em the other way, the freq spins to the correct value but take a complete 360 degree first. In short I fail to findout how to code it correct ;-) Happy if someone can point out how to get the "singelstep" to work in bort inc and decr values from a grayencoder. UHF is on the way and needs some rework. Keeping each digit in the range 0-9, it works but going from 9-0 makes it sometimes go to 10,11 etc (within some frequency ranges and affects the "total" frequency) Same goes for the other way around. Not sure how the real UFC/ARC-164 makes this in reality or if it's a SIM issue. ? From siocConfig.lua: inputsTable = { -- AM RADIO1: Device 55 [48] = {TwoPositionSwitch, 55, 6, 1}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-LOAD [45] = {SimpleRotary, 55, 3, 1}, [49] = {SimpleRadioPre, 55, 1, 0.01, -0.01}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-PRESET [51] = {Simple_radio_1_wheel, 55, 9, 0.05, -0.05}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-1 [54] = {Simple_radio_wheel, 55, 11, 0.01, -0.1}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-2 [56] = {Simple_radio_wheel, 55, 13, 0.01, -0.1}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-3 [57] = {Simple_radio_4_wheel, 55, 15, 0.25, -0.25}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-4 [63] = {SimpleRotary, 55, 4, 0,1}, [64] = {TwoPositionSwitch, 55, 8, 1}, -- FM RADIO1: Device 56 [68] = {TwoPositionSwitch, 56, 6, 1}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-LOAD [65] = {SimpleRotary, 56, 3, 1}, -- VHFFM_MODE_act [69] = {SimpleRadioPre, 56, 1, 0.01, -0.01}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-PRESET [71] = {Simple_radio_1_wheel, 56, 9, 0.05, -0.05}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-1 [74] = {Simple_radio_wheel, 56, 11, 0.01, -0.1}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-2 [76] = {Simple_radio_wheel, 56, 13, 0.01, -0.1}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFAFM-FREQ-3 [77] = {Simple_radio_4_wheel, 56, 15, 0.25, -0.25}, -- PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-4 [83] = {SimpleRotary, 56, 4, 0,1}, -- VHFFM_CRTL_act [84] = {TwoPositionSwitch, 56, 8, 1}, -- VHFFM_SQELCH_TONE } From ExportSupport.lua function SimpleRotary(pValue, pDevice, pNumber) GetDevice(pDevice):performClickableAction(pNumber + 3000,(pValue - 1)/10) end -- From MoJo function SimplePotentiometer(pValue, pDevice, pNumber) GetDevice(pDevice):performClickableAction(pNumber + 3000,(pValue /256)) end function Simple_radio_Pre(pValue, pDevice, pNumber) GetDevice(pDevice):performClickableAction(pNumber + 3000,(pValue-1)/100) end function SimpleRadioPre(pValue, pDevice, pNumber) GetDevice(pDevice):performClickableAction(pNumber + 3000,(pValue /100)) end function Simple_radio_1_wheel(pValue, pDevice, pNumber) GetDevice(pDevice):performClickableAction(pNumber + 3000,(pValue /20)) end function Simple_radio_wheel(pValue, pDevice, pNumber) GetDevice(pDevice):performClickableAction(pNumber + 3000,(pValue /10)) end function Simple_radio_4_wheel(pValue, pDevice, pNumber) GetDevice(pDevice):performClickableAction(pNumber + 3000,(pValue-1)/4) end From SOIC.ssi "HOGBOX.ssi" in my case Var 0045, name VHFAM_MODE_act, Value 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-MODE Var 0046, name VHFAM_MODE_TR, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 36, Type I // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-MODE_TR%set { IF &VHFAM_MODE_TR = 0 { IF &VHFAM_MODE_DF = 0 { &VHFAM_MODE_act = 1 } } IF &VHFAM_MODE_TR = 1 { &VHFAM_MODE_act = 2 } } Var 0047, name VHFAM_MODE_DF, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 37, Type I // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-MODE_DF%set { IF &VHFAM_MODE_DF = 0 { IF &VHFAM_MODE_TR = 0 { &VHFAM_MODE_act = 1 } } IF &VHFAM_MODE_DF = 1 { &VHFAM_MODE_act = 3 } } Var 0048, name VHFAM_FRQ_LOAD, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 38, Type I // UHF_LOAD Var 0049, name VHFAM_CH_act // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-PRESET Var 0050, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 39, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-PRESET_input { L0 = V0050 &VHFAM_CH_act = ROTATE 1 ,20 ,L0 L1 = &VHFAM_CH_act + 1 L2 = ROTATE 1 ,20 ,L1 &VHFAM_DSP_CH = L2 } Var 0051, name VHFAM_FRQ1_act // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-1_set Var 0052, name VHFAM_WH_1, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 47, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-1 { L0 = &VHFAM_WH_1 L0 = L0 * -1 // *%-1%turning%clockwise%should%be%plus &VHFAM_FRQ1_act = ROTATE 0 ,15 ,L0 &VHFAM_DSP_1 = &VHFAM_FRQ1_act } Var 0053, name VHFAM_FRQ2, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 45, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-2 { L0 = &VHFAM_FRQ2 L0 = L0 * -1 &VHFAM_FRQ2_act = ROTATE 0 ,9 ,L0 &VHFAM_DSP_2 = &VHFAM_FRQ2_act } Var 0054, name VHFAM_FRQ2_act // False%potentiometer Var 0055, name VHFAM_FRQ3, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 43, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-3 { L0 = &VHFAM_FRQ3 L0 = L0 * -1 &VHFAM_FRQ3_act = ROTATE 0 ,9 ,L0 &VHFAM_DSP_3 = &VHFAM_FRQ3_act } Var 0056, name VHFAM_FRQ3_act // False%potentiometer Var 0057, name VHFAM_FRQ4_act // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-1_set Var 0058, name VHFAM_FRQ4, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 41, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-FREQ-4 { L0 = &VHFAM_FRQ4 L0 = L0 * -1 // *%-1%turning%clockwise%should%be%plus &VHFAM_FRQ4_act = ROTATE 1 ,4 ,L0 L1 = &VHFAM_FRQ4_act - 1 &VHFAM_DSP_4 = L1 * 25 } Var 0059, name VHFAM_CRTL_FM, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 49 // VHFAM_CTRL_FM { &VHFAM_CRTL_act = 1 } Var 0060, name VHFAM_CRTL_AM, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 50 // VHFAM_CTRL_AM { &VHFAM_CRTL_act = 2 } Var 0061, name VHFAM_CRTL_MAN, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 51 // VHFAM_CTRL_MAN { &VHFAM_CRTL_act = 3 } Var 0062, name VHFAM_CRTL_PRE, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 52 // VHFAM_CTRL_PRE { &VHFAM_CRTL_act = 4 } Var 0063, name VHFAM_CRTL_act, Value 1 // Fake rotary Var 0064, name VHFAM_SQL_TONE, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 53, Type I // VHFAM_SQELCH_TONE Var 0065, name VHFFM_MODE_act, Value 1 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-MODE Var 0066, name VHFFM_MODE_TR, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 54, Type I // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-MODE_TR%set { IF &VHFFM_MODE_TR = 0 { IF &VHFFM_MODE_DF = 0 { &VHFFM_MODE_act = 1 } } IF &VHFFM_MODE_TR = 1 { &VHFFM_MODE_act = 2 } } Var 0067, name VHFFM_MODE_DF, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 55, Type I // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-MODE_DF%set { IF &VHFFM_MODE_DF = 0 { IF &VHFFM_MODE_TR = 0 { &VHFFM_MODE_act = 1 } } IF &VHFFM_MODE_DF = 1 { &VHFFM_MODE_act = 3 } } Var 0068, name VHFFM_FRQ_LOAD, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 56, Type I // VHFFM_FRQ_LOAD Var 0069, name VHFFM_CH_act // PTR-ANARC186-VHFAM-PRESET Var 0070, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 57, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-ch_PRESET_input { L0 = V0070 &VHFFM_CH_act = ROTATE 1 ,20 ,L0 L1 = &VHFFM_CH_act + 1 L2 = ROTATE 1 ,20 ,L1 &VHFFM_DSP_CH = L2 } Var 0071, name VHFFM_FRQ1_act // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-1_set Var 0072, name VHFFM_WH_1, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 59, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-1 { L0 = &VHFFM_WH_1 L0 = L0 * -1 // *%-1%turning%clockwise%should%be%plus &VHFFM_FRQ1_act = ROTATE 3 ,15 ,L0 &VHFFM_DSP_1 = &VHFFM_FRQ1_act } Var 0073, name VHFFM_FRQ2, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 61, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-2 { L0 = &VHFFM_FRQ2 L0 = L0 * -1 &VHFFM_FRQ2_act = ROTATE 0 ,9 ,L0 &VHFFM_DSP_2 = &VHFFM_FRQ2_act } Var 0074, name VHFFM_FRQ2_act // False%potentiometer Var 0075, name VHFFM_FRQ3, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 63, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-3 { L0 = &VHFFM_FRQ3 L0 = L0 * -1 &VHFFM_FRQ3_act = ROTATE 0 ,9 ,L0 &VHFFM_DSP_3 = &VHFFM_FRQ3_act } Var 0076, name VHFFM_FRQ3_act // False%potentiometer Var 0077, name VHFFM_FRQ4_act // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-1_set Var 0078, name VHFFM_FRQ4, Link IOCARD_ENCODER, Input 65, Aceleration 1, Type 2 // PTR-ANARC186-VHFFM-FREQ-4 { L0 = &VHFFM_FRQ4 L0 = L0 * -1 // *%-1%turning%clockwise%should%be%plus &VHFFM_FRQ4_act = ROTATE 1 ,4 ,L0 L1 = &VHFFM_FRQ4_act - 1 &VHFFM_DSP_4 = L1 * 25 } Var 0079, name VHFFM_CRTL_FM, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 67 // VHFFM_CTRL_FM { &VHFFM_CRTL_act = 1 } Var 0080, name VHFFM_CRTL_AM, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 68 // VHFFM_CTRL_AM { &VHFFM_CRTL_act = 2 } Var 0081, name VHFFM_CRTL_MAN, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 69 // VHFFM_CTRL_MAN { &VHFFM_CRTL_act = 3 } Var 0082, name VHFFM_CRTL_PRE, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 70 // VHFFM_CTRL_PRE { &VHFFM_CRTL_act = 4 } Var 0083, name VHFFM_CRTL_act, Value 1 // Fake rotary Var 0084, name VHFFM_SQL_TONE, Link IOCARD_SW, Input 71, Type I // VHFFM_SQELCH_TONE <snip> Var 1200, name VHFAM_DSP_CH, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 6, Numbers 2 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_CHANNEL Var 1201, name VHFAM_DSP_4, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 0, Numbers 2 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL4 Var 1202, name VHFAM_DSP_3, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 2, Numbers 1 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL3 Var 1203, name VHFAM_DSP_2, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 3, Numbers 1 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL2 Var 1204, name VHFAM_DSP_1, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 4, Numbers 2 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL1 Var 1205, name VHFFM_DSP_4, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 8, Numbers 2 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL4 Var 1206, name VHFFM_DSP_3, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 10, Numbers 1 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL3 Var 1207, name VHFFM_DSP_2, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 11, Numbers 1 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL2 Var 1208, name VHFFM_DSP_1, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 12, Numbers 2 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_WHEEL1 Var 1209, name VHFFM_DSP_CH, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 14, Numbers 2 // VHFAM_DISPLAY_CHANNEL Var 1210, name UHF_DSP_100, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 23, Numbers 1 // UHF_DISPLAY_100 Var 1211, name UHF_DSP_10, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 22, Numbers 1 // UHF_DISPLAY_10 Var 1212, name UHF_DSP_1, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 21, Numbers 1 // UHF_DISPLAY_1 Var 1213, name UHF_DSP_01, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 20, Numbers 1 // UHF_DISPLAY_01 Var 1214, name UHF_DSP_25, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 18, Numbers 2 // UHF_DISPLAY_25 Var 1215, name UHF_DSP_CH, Link IOCARD_DISPLAY, Digit 16, Numbers 2 // UHF_DISPLAY_CHANNEL 1 - 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